Calenduloside E, a pentacyclic triterpenoid saponin from Aralia ovata bark and roots, has anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties. It alleviates atherosclerosis by regulating macrophage polarization, improves mitochondrial function via the AMPK-SIRT3 pathway, and mitigates acute liver injury. Additionally, it promotes L-type calcium channel interaction with Bcl-2 related apoptosis genes, inhibiting calcium overload and alleviating myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. Calenduloside E also improves non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by regulating heat shock-dependent pathways and inhibits ROS-mediated JAK1-STAT3 pathways to reduce cellular inflammatory responses.
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