Solutions

Protheragen stands as a pinnacle full-service solutions provider in the realm of oncology drug and therapy development. We are unwaveringly committed to propelling the progress of innovative therapeutics for cancers. Our all-encompassing service portfolio spans from meticulous preclinical studies to the creation of sophisticated disease models, ensuring a seamless and integrated support system for your projects at every stage. Moreover, our rich and diverse repository of human specimens, carefully procured from both healthy volunteers and cancer patients, acts as a powerful catalyst, significantly expediting your drug and therapy development endeavors within this highly specialized and demanding field of oncology.

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Application of nanoparticles in cancer therapy.

Fig.1 Nanoparticles for cancer therapy. (Gavas S., et al., 2021)

Overview of Rare Cancers

Rare cancers, also known as orphan cancers, form a heterogeneous group comprising around 200 distinct types of malignancies. Although each type of rare cancer manifests at a remarkably low incidence rate individually, their cumulative incidence is substantial when aggregated. In the United States, the estimated incidence of rare cancers stands at roughly 15 cases per 100,000 individuals. Meanwhile, in Europe, this figure is even lower, approximating 6 cases per 100,000 people. The infrequency of these cancers presents formidable challenges in the realms of research, diagnosis, and the development of effective therapeutic strategies.

Pathogenesis of Cancers

Cancer is a complex and heterogeneous group of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells. It arises from a combination of genetic mutations, epigenetic alterations, and environmental factors that disrupt normal cellular regulation. The pathogenesis of cancer involves multiple stages, including initiation, promotion, and progression, leading to the formation of malignant tumors that can metastasize to distant sites. Understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying cancer development is crucial for developing effective diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.

Genetic Mutations

Genetic mutations in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes are central to cancer development. Oncogenes, such as RAS and MYC, promote cell growth and division when mutated or overexpressed. Tumor suppressor genes, like TP53 and BRCA1, normally inhibit cell growth and repair DNA damage, but their loss of function can lead to cancer.

Epigenetic Modifications

Epigenetic changes, including DNA methylation and histone modification, can silence tumor suppressor genes or activate oncogenes without altering the DNA sequence. For example, hypermethylation of the BRCA1 promoter can lead to its inactivation in breast cancer.

Environmental and Lifestyle Factors

Environmental factors, such as tobacco smoke, radiation, and chemical carcinogens, play a significant role in cancer development. Chronic inflammation, obesity, and viral infections (e.g., HPV, hepatitis B/C) can also increase cancer risk by promoting genetic mutations and immune evasion.

Immune Evasion

Cancer cells can evade the immune system by downregulating immune checkpoint proteins (e.g., PD-1, PD-L1) or by creating an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. This allows cancer cells to proliferate unchecked and avoid immune-mediated destruction.

Rare Cancer Therapeutic Modalities ^[1]

Cancer therapy can be broadly categorized into conventional and modern therapies. The development of these therapies is an ongoing process, with continuous advancements and clinical trials.

Therapeutics	Rare Cancer Types
Therapeutics	Merkel Cell Carcinoma	Thymic Carcinoma	Glioblastoma Multiforme	Hepato-Blastoma	Ewing Sarcoma	Kaposi’s Sarcoma	Esophageal Cancer	Chronic Myeloid Leukemia	Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia	Anal Cancer
Surgery	Mohs micrographic surgery	VATS thymectomy and Robotic VATS	Fluorescence-Guided Surgery	Robot-assisted hepatectomy	Rotationplasty	Cryosurgery	Minimally invasive esophagectomy	Not Applicable	Not Applicable	Abdomino-perineal Resection (APR)
Radiation Therapy	Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT)	SBRT	Image-Guided Radiation Therapy	Not Applicable	Proton Therapy	Electron Beam Radiation Therapy	Chemo-radiation	Not Applicable	Not Applicable	Chemo-radiation Radio-frequency Ablation
Chemotherapy	Platinum + etoposide	Alimta (Pemetrexed)	Metronomic Temozolomide	Cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil, and Vincristine	Nab-paclitaxel	Liposomal Chemotherapy		Platin and Fluoro-pyrimidine	Daunorubicin 5-Azacytidine	Fludarabine, Cyclophos-phamide
Immune Therapy	Poly-ICLC + Tremeli-mumab + Durvalumab	PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor	Nivolumab Cetuximab and Bevacizumab ABT-414 EGFRvIII CAR T Cells MDNA55	EpCAM-specific monoclonal antibodies	Vigil	Pembro-lizumab	Pembro-lizumab	IFN-α	Blinatumomab CTL019 (Tisagenlecleucel)	Retifanlimab (INCMGA00012) Axalimogene Filolisbac (ADXS11-001)
Targeted Therapy	Pazopanib + cabozantinib	Sorafenib	Veliparib	Cabozantinib-S-Malate	Talazoparib, niraparib, olaparib, veliparib	Imatinib Mesylate	EGFR and VEGFR targeting agents	ABL001	Bortezomib	Not Applicable
Transplant	Not Applicable	Not Applicable	Not Applicable	Liver transplantation	Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation	Not Applicable	Not Applicable	Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation	Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation	Not Applicable
Combined Therapy	Nivolumab + Ipilimumab + SBRT	Carboplatin + paclitaxel Carboplatin + amrubicin	Oncolytic DNX-2401 virotherapy + pembrolizumab ABT-414 + Temozolomide vs. Lomustine Temozolomide + Radiation + Nivolumab Oncolytic adenovirus + radiation + chemotherapy	Cisplatin/5FU/ Vincristine [99]	CDK4/6 and IGF1R Inhibitor	Valganciclovir and combined Antiretroviral Therapy (cART)	Nivolumab + chemotherapy, nivolumab + ipilimumab	Ruxolitinib + Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors	VAY736 antibody + EW-7197	403MO Atezolizumab + bevacizumab

Disclaimer: Protheragen focuses on providing preclinical research services. This table is for information exchange purposes only. This table is not a treatment plan recommendation. For guidance on treatment options, please visit a regular hospital.

Diversified Disease Solutions

Protheragen offers comprehensive solutions for a variety of cancers, including blood cancers like leukemia and lymphoma, solid tumors such as breast cancer (BC) and colorectal cancer, and gastrointestinal malignancies. Our expertise covers everything from early detection and diagnosis to advanced therapeutic development, ensuring a one-stop solution for our customers.

Diagnostic Development Services

Protheragen specializes in the development of advanced diagnostic tools, including biomarker identification and validation, and the creation of diagnostic kits. Our biomarker development services leverage state-of-the-art genomic and proteomic technologies to identify novel markers for early cancer detection and therapeutic monitoring. We also develop diagnostic kits that are designed to be highly sensitive and specific, enabling accurate and timely diagnosis.

Diagnostic Kit Development Services

Biochemistry Diagnostic Kits Development Services
Immunodiagnostic Kits Development Services
Molecular Diagnostic kits Development Services
Customized Diagnostic kits Development Services

Biomarker Development Services

Genomics-based Biomarker Development Services
Transcriptomics-based Biomarker Development Services
Proteomics-based Biomarker Development Services
Metabolomics-based Biomarker Development Services

Therapeutics Development Services

Protheragen provides a suite of therapeutic development services, ranging from anticancer peptide development to small molecule drug discovery and therapeutic antibody engineering. Additionally, we offer cell therapy development services, including CAR T-cell engineering and therapeutic cancer vaccine development, aiming to harness the immune system to fight cancer effectively.

Small Molecule Drug Development Services
Phytotherapy Development Services
Therapeutic Cancer Vaccine Development Services

Cancer Model Development Services

Protheragen excels in the development of disease models for cancer, including cell-based, animal, and organoid models. These models are crucial for understanding cancer biology and developing targeted therapies.

Cell-based Model Development

Cell Line Development
Primary Cell Development
iPSC Development

Organoid Model Development

ASC-derived Organoid
ESC-derived Organoid
iPSC-derived Organoid
Patient-derived Organoid

Animal Model Development

Genetically Engineered Models (GEMs)
Patient-Derived Xenograft (PDX) Models
Cell Line-Derived Tumor Xenograft (CDX) Models
Orthotopic Models

Preclinical Research Services

Protheragen's preclinical research services encompass drug safety evaluation and pharmacokinetics studies. Our drug safety evaluation services assess the potential toxicities of new compounds, ensuring their safety before advancing to clinical trials. Pharmacokinetics studies investigate how drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted in the body, providing critical data for optimizing dosing regimens.

Drug Safety Evaluation Services

General Toxicity Evaluation
Genetic Toxicity Evaluation
Developmental and Reproductive Toxicity Evaluation

Immunotoxicity Evaluation
Safety Pharmacology Evaluation
Toxicokinetic Evaluation

Pharmacokinetics Study Services

In Vitro Pharmacokinetics Study Services
-In Vitro Physicochemical Studies
-In Vitro Metabolism Studies
-In Vitro Permeability and Transporter Studies

In Vivo Pharmacokinetics Study Services
-Bioavailability Studies
-Quantitative Tissue
-Drug Excretion Studies

Featured Products

At Protheragen, we recognize that specialized products are indispensable for driving advancements in cancer drug and therapy development. That's why we offer an extensive range of premium-quality offerings, including biofluids, cancer tissue samples, cell lines, and biomarkers. Leveraging our deep expertise in this domain and our expansive network of collection sites, we are committed to supplying high-caliber, ethically sourced, and specialized research materials that meet the ever-evolving needs of the cancer research community.

Biofluids

Cancer Tissue Samples

Cancer Cell Lines

Cancer Biomarkers

FAQs

How does Protheragen support the preclinical development of targeted cancer therapies?

Protheragen provides comprehensive preclinical services, including target identification, biomarker validation, and in vitro and in vivo testing. Our expertise in genomics and molecular biology ensures that your targeted therapies are rigorously evaluated for efficacy and safety before advancing to clinical trials.

What role does Protheragen play in the development of cancer immunotherapies?

Protheragen specializes in the preclinical development of cancer immunotherapies, including CAR T-cell therapies and therapeutic antibodies. We offer services such as immune cell engineering, immune response assays, and animal model studies to evaluate the efficacy and safety of these innovative therapeutics.

Can Protheragen assist with the development of combination therapies for cancer?

Yes, Protheragen offers services to design and test combination therapies, leveraging our expertise in drug interaction studies and pharmacodynamics. We help identify synergistic drug combinations that can enhance therapeutic efficacy and overcome resistance mechanisms.

How does Protheragen address the challenge of drug resistance in preclinical cancer research?

Protheragen focuses on understanding the molecular mechanisms of drug resistance through genomic and proteomic analyses. We develop preclinical models to test resistance mechanisms and identify potential combination therapies that can mitigate resistance, ensuring more effective therapeutics.

What preclinical models does Protheragen use to evaluate cancer therapies?

Protheragen utilizes a range of preclinical models, including cell-based assays, animal models, and organoid cultures. These models are designed to mimic the human tumor microenvironment and provide robust data on the efficacy and safety of cancer therapies before they reach clinical trials.

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Please note that we are a research service provider, not a pharmacy or clinic, so we are unable to see patients and do not offer diagnostic and treatment services for individuals.

References

Christyani, Grania, et al. "An overview of advances in rare cancer diagnosis and treatment." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25.2 (2024): 1201.
Gavas, Shreelaxmi, Sameer Quazi, and Tomasz M. Karpiński. "Nanoparticles for cancer therapy: current progress and challenges." Nanoscale research letters 16.1 (2021): 173.