Prostatic adenocarcinoma (PaC), the predominant type of prostate malignancy, arises from the glandular structures of prostate tissue. At Protheragen, we provide an all-encompassing portfolio of diagnostics and therapeutics development tailored specifically for PaC. Employing state-of-the-art technologies and a cross-disciplinary group of specialists, we advance pathophysiological insight and therapeutics with unparalleled precision.
Overview of Prostatic Adenocarcinoma (PaC)
Prostate adenocarcinoma (PaC) arises from the glandular cells of the prostate and is the predominant form of prostate cancer. Globally, it ranks among the top causes of cancer death in men. Common clinical signs include increased urinary frequency, nighttime urination, blood in urine, and erectile difficulties. The illness advances from an early, localized form to a distant, metastatic stage, frequently spreading to bone in later phases. Timely identification, coupled with precise histopathological confirmation, is essential for optimizing therapy and enhancing survival rates.
Fig.1 Prostatic adenocarcinoma (PaC) therapeutic strategies vary depending on the stage of the disease. (Naseer F.,
et al., 2021)
Pathogenesis of Prostatic Adenocarcinoma (PaC)
Prostate adenocarcinoma's rise is shaped by a blend of inherited, systemic, and lifestyle forces. Surges in prostate-specific antigen (PSA) amplify androgen-receptor (AR)-centered circuitry, a signal cascade that accelerates malignant expansion. Germline rearrangements in BRCA1, BRCA2, and ATM predispose tumors towards a more belligerent histology. Gene-control decision-making, swayed by aberrantly expressed microRNAs (miRNAs), weather expression patterns, and nourish unfurling neoplasia. Concomitantly, prostate cancer cells subvert the skeletal microenvironment, enlisting osteoblast and osteoclast plasticity to consummate osseous metastasis.
Diagnostics Development for Prostatic Adenocarcinoma (PaC)
Histopathological Analysis
Histopathological evaluation remains central to the diagnostic workup in prostate adenocarcinoma (PaC). The Gleason grading schema, which scores tumoral heterogeneity according to architectural patterns, has evolved to refine stratification of biological potential. Contemporary adjustments, particularly the adoption of Grade Groups, augment predictive precision by consolidating discrete scores into clinically actionable categories. To supplement morphologic assessment, immunohistochemical techniques interrogate markers including prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and the androgen receptor (AR), thereby sharpening both the diagnostic and prognostic contours of the disease.
Genetic and Molecular Testing
Improvements in genetic and molecular diagnostics are transforming how we recognize prostate adenocarcinoma (PaC). Identifying key genetic mutations along with changes in DNA repair pathways—such as PBRA1 and BRCA2—enables more precise risk assessment and more tailored therapy. Next-generation sequencing delivers thorough genetic profiling, uncovering actionable drivers and steering personalized management paths.
Therapeutics of Prostatic Adenocarcinoma (PaC)
| Therapeutics |
Drug Name |
Mechanism |
Description |
Stage |
| Androgen Pathway Inhibitors |
Abiraterone Acetate |
Inhibits CYP17A1, reducing androgen biosynthesis |
Irreversible CYP17A inhibitor that reduces testosterone levels in the adrenal glands and testes
Approved for metastatic castration-resistant prostatic adenocarcinoma (mCRPC) |
Approved |
| Androgen Receptor Inhibitors |
Enzalutamide |
Blocks androgen receptor (AR) activity |
Second-generation antiandrogen that prevents AR-dependent transcription
Approved for mCRPC |
Approved |
| Androgen Receptor Inhibitors |
Apalutamide |
Blocks androgen receptor (AR) activity |
Second-generation antiandrogen for non-metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (nmCRPC) |
Approved |
| Androgen Receptor Inhibitors |
Darolutamide |
Blocks androgen receptor (AR) activity |
Second-generation antiandrogen with high affinity for AR, minimal blood-brain barrier penetration
Approved for mCRPC |
Approved |
| Chemotherapy |
Docetaxel |
Inhibits microtubule function, causing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis |
First-line chemotherapy for mCRPC |
Approved |
| Chemotherapy |
Cabazitaxel |
Inhibits microtubule function, causing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis |
Second-line chemotherapy for mCRPC after docetaxel failure |
Approved |
| Immunotherapy |
Pembrolizumab |
Anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody |
Enhances immune response by blocking the PD-1 receptor |
Preclinical |
| Targeted Therapy |
Olaparib |
PARP inhibitor |
Inhibits DNA repair, leading to cell death in cancer cells with BRCA mutations |
Preclinical |
| Oncolytic Virus Therapy |
Adenovirus-based vectors |
Oncolytic virus |
Selectively replicates in cancer cells, causing lysis and immune activation |
Preclinical |
| Suicide Gene Therapy |
Ad5-CD/TKrep |
Gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy |
Expresses suicide genes that convert prodrugs into cytotoxic agents |
Preclinical |
| Micro-RNA Therapy |
miR-299-3p |
MicroRNA-based therapy |
Targets AR signaling, reduces tumor growth |
Preclinical |
Disclaimer: Protheragen focuses on providing preclinical research services. This table is for information exchange purposes only. This table is not a treatment plan recommendation. For guidance on treatment options, please visit a regular hospital.
Our Services
Protheragen offers comprehensive preclinical services for the development of diagnostics and therapeutics for prostatic adenocarcinoma. Our services include histopathological analysis, genetic and molecular testing, advanced imaging techniques, and preclinical testing of novel drugs and therapies.
Protheragen's diagnostics and therapeutics development services are characterized by our comprehensive approach, integrating histopathological, genetic, and imaging data. Our state-of-the-art facilities and expert team ensure rigorous testing and validation, supporting the development of innovative therapeutics. If you are interested in our services, please feel free to contact us.
References
- Naseer, Faiza, et al. "Advanced therapeutic options for treatment of metastatic castration resistant prostatic adenocarcinoma." Frontiers in Pharmacology 12 (2021): 728054.
- Kimura, Shoji, and Takahiro Kimura. "Diagnosis and treatment of prostate adenocarcinoma." Cancers 13.15 (2021): 3660.
- Gordetsky, Jennifer, and Jonathan Epstein. "Grading of prostatic adenocarcinoma: current state and prognostic implications." Diagnostic pathology 11.1 (2016): 25.
All of our services and products are intended for preclinical research use only and cannot be used to diagnose, treat or manage patients.
