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Type 2 Diabetes (T2D)

Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) is a chronic metabolic disorder distinguished by hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and inadequate secretion of insulin from the pancreatic islet beta cells. It is one of the greatest health problems in the world which is closely associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome. Protheragen offers integrative MyD88-focused drug discovery services targeting TLR/IL-1R-MyD88 hyperactivation to reduce metaflammation in T2D.

Introduction to Type 2 Diabetes

The global prevalence of T2D is on the rise and is associated with lifestyle changes, advancing age, and growing obesity. It has emerged as a public health issue and poses serious concerns in healthcare, social security, and economic productivity. While the hallmark features of T2D include insulin resistance and dysfunction of beta cells, currently, chronic low-grade inflammation is considered a key contributor in the pathogenesis and progression of the disease.

Pathogenesis of Type 2 Diabetes

The cascade of TLR4/MyD88 signaling pathways is primarily activated by a chronic excess of nutrients, such as free fatty acids and ceramides. These, combined with gut-derived LPS, are known as DAMPs and PAMPs. MyD88 amplifies NF-κB-dependent pro-inflammatory TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, which leads to the loss of insulin signalling and accelerate beta-cell death, resulting in a positive feedback loop of metabolic dysfunction. Best known are MyD88's actions upon adipose tissue fibrosis and the shark-like liver that performs intense gluconeogenesis.

The schematic representation of different types of diabetes mellitus.

Fig.1 Schematic representation of different types of diabetes mellitus. (Singh et al., 2025)

MyD88-Targeted Therapeutic Development for Type 2 Diabetes

Drug Name	Mechanism of Action	Key Findings	Development Stage
LM8	Inhibits MyDDosome formation	Reduces MYDDosome-TLR4 complex levels in kidney tissues of T2DM mice models Attenuates renal fibrosis and inflammation responses	Preclinical
Schisandrin B (Sch B)	Directly binds to MYDDosome-TIR domain to block dimerization Selectively inhibits MYDDosome-dependent inflammatory pathways	Significantly improves myocardial injury in T1DM/T2DM mouse models	Preclinical

Disclaimer: Protheragen focuses on providing preclinical research services. This table is for information exchange purposes only. This table is not a treatment plan recommendation. For guidance on treatment options, please visit a regular hospital.

Our Services

Protheragen develops advanced disease models for Type 2 Diabetes as well as MyD88-targeted therapeutic discovery. For MyD88 signaling modulator screening and TLR/IL-1R-driven metabolic inflammation, insulin resistance, and beta-cell dysfunction, we integrate cutting-edge in vitro and in vivo models on metabolic tissue-specific platforms.

Therapeutic Discovery Platform for Type 2 Diabetes

Protheragen's MyD88 discovery platform for Type 2 Diabetes incorporates pathway-specific modulators with neuro-immune disease models to address disrupted microglia-neuron-astrocyte crosstalk and other inflammatory processes across different Type 2 Diabetes etiologies.

Disease Models Development for Type 2 Diabetes

Protheragen provides a complete set of preclinical models for Type 2 Diabetes, including cell-based models, organoid models, and animal models that recapitulate key aspects of metabolic dysfunction, insulin resistance, beta-cell dysfunction, and chronic low-grade inflammation.

Cell-based & Organoid models

Pancreatic β-Cell Glucolipotoxicity Model
Adipocyte-Macrophage Co-Culture
INS-1 β-Cell Apoptosis Model
iPSC-Derived β-Cell Dysfunction Model

Animal Models Development

High-Fat Diet (HFD) Mice
STZ-Induced Diabetic Mice
DSS-LPS Metabolic Endotoxemia Model
High-Fat Diet + Antibiotic-Treated Mice

Protheragen delivers end-to-end solutions for MyD88-related diseases, integrating disease model development, pharmacokinetics and drug safety evaluation. Other focuses include investigator-initiated trials aimed to accelerate preclinical-to-clinical translation for metabolic disorders.

If you are interested in our services, please don't hesitate to contact us.

References

Mlynarska, E., et al. "Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: New Pathogenetic Mechanisms, Treatment and the Most Important Complications." Int J Mol Sci 26.3 (2025).
Singh, A., et al. "Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Comprehensive Review of Pathophysiology, Comorbidities, and Emerging Therapies." Compr Physiol 15.1 (2025): e70003.

All of our services and products are intended for preclinical research use only and cannot be used to diagnose, treat or manage patients.