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- Autoimmune Thyroid Eye Disease (TED)
TED, or Autoimmune Thyroid Eye Disease, is an aggressive inflammatory disease that involves the destruction of orbital and periorbital tissues. Protheragen is at the forefront of providing comprehensive services for the development of diagnostics and therapeutics for Autoimmune Thyroid Eye Disease.
Autoimmune Thyroid Associated Eye Disease (TED) is a multi-faceted and complex condition that mostly impacts the orbital tissues and is commonly linked with Graves' disease (GD). TED can result in severe ocular manifestations and complications such as proptosis (eye bulging), diplopia (double vision), and even loss of vision due to advanced chronic inflammation, immune cell infiltration, and tissue scarring. TED is challenging to diagnose and treat because of its multifactorial origins which include genetic, environmental, and immunological components.
Fig.1 The initial pathophysiological process of TED. (Buonfiglio F., et al., 2024)
Research concerning TED diagnostic tools concentrates on finding specific markers that reflect disease activity and severity. TED is characterized by increased concentration of TSH receptor antibodies (TSH-R-Ab) and thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI). These antibodies are quantifiable by means of competitive immune binding assays which greatly contributes to the diagnostic and prognostic value of these tests. For instance, studies suggest that high levels of TSI are linked with greater severity of disease manifestations and unfavorable therapeutic responses.
The advancement of targeted biological therapies has tremendously improved the management of TED. Teprotumumab, an antibody to the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R), has proven effective in the reduction of proptosis and clinical outcomes. Additionally, Antioxidant therapies have surfaced as possible adjuncts for TED with the goal of alleviating the consequences of oxidative stress. Selenium, for example, is known to alleviate oxidative stress and inflammation in cases of TED.
Table 1. The initial pathophysiological process of TED. (Men C. J., et al., 2021)
| Small Molecule Therapies | Target | Dosing | Stage |
| Rituximab | CD20 | Two infusions, each consisting of 1000 mg, were given two weeks apart. | Approved |
| Infliximab | TNF-α | Each infusion dose is 5 mg/kg, delivered over 2 hours. | Approved |
| Adalimumab | TNF-α | Initial 80 mg subcutaneous injection followed by biweekly 40 mg injections for a total of 10 weeks. | Approved |
| Teprotumumab | IGF-1R | An initial infusion of 10 mg/kg, followed by seven infusions of 20 mg/kg, each given every 3 weeks. | Approved |
| Tocilizumab | IL-6 | Three infusions, each at a dose of 8 mg/kg, are given every 4 weeks. | Approved |
| Emerging Therapies | |||
| TSHR Antagonist | TSHR | N/A | Preclinical |
| IMVT-1401 | FcRn | Two weekly 680 mg subcutaneous injections, followed by four weekly 340 mg injections. | Phase II |
Disclaimer: Protheragen focuses on providing preclinical research service. This table is for information exchange purposes only. This table is not a treatment plan recommendation. For guidance on treatment options, please visit a regular hospital.
We provide complete diagnostic and therapeutic development services for Autoimmune Thyroid Eye Disease at Protheragen. Through advanced research aimed at discovering new therapeutic techniques, our agile infrastructure and broad industry knowledge enable us to sophisticated research on discovering new biomarkers and developing precision therapeutic methodologies.
Protheragen's preclinical research services for TED are designed to accelerate the development of effective therapeutics. Our team of experts conducts rigorous preclinical studies to evaluate the safety and efficacy of new therapeutic agents. If you are interested in our services, please feel free to contact us.
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