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- Retinal Vasculitis
Inflammation of the retinal arterioles, venules, and/or capillaries is referred to as retinal vasculitis, which can result from multiple systemic and ophthalmic pathologies. With Protheragen, developing new diagnostics, and therapeutics for eye diseases such as retinal vasculitis is simplified as they provide extensive services to support such an endeavor.
Retinal vasculitis is an intricate inflammatory disorder that affects the arteries, veins, and capillaries of the retina. It is associated with diverse systemic and ocular pathologies which, if neglected, may cause profound visual loss. The development of retinal vasculitis is the result of a complex combination of genetic, infectious, and immune processes which leads to tissue damage, and endothelial dysfunction. Timely diagnosis and precise therapeutic strategies are essential to reduce the chances of critical complications like tractional retinal detachment, vitreous hemorrhage, and neovascular glaucoma.
Fig.1 Pathophysiology and influencing factors of retinal vasculitis. (Agarwal A., et al., 2022)
Laboratory investigations help in pinpointing the precise cause of retinal vasculitis. Invasive subsidiary tests of tuberculosis, syphilis, and toxoplasmosis are crucial for identifying infectious causes. Autoimmunity features like antinuclear factors such as ANA and ANCA help in diagnosing associated systemic autoimmune conditions which retinovasculitis. For instance, the presence of ANCA positivity is common in granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) and microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) which both have possible ocular symptoms.
| Therapeutics | Target | Description | Stage |
| Isoniazid, Rifampin, Ethambutol, Pyrazinamide | Mycobacterium tuberculosis | First-line antitubercular agents used in multidrug regimens for tuberculosis-related retinal vasculitis. | Approved |
| Penicillin G | Treponema pallidum | A preferred antibiotic for treating syphilis-related retinal vasculitis. | Approved |
| Ceftriaxone | Treponema pallidum | Alternative antibiotic for treating syphilis-related retinal vasculitis in cases of penicillin allergy. | Approved |
| Doxycycline, Amoxicillin, Cefuroxime | Borrelia burgdorferi | Broad-spectrum antibiotics are used for treating Lyme disease-associated retinal vasculitis. | Approved |
| Azithromycin, Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole, Rifampin | Bartonella henselae | Antibiotics used for treating Bartonella-related retinal vasculitis. | Approved |
| Acyclovir, Valacyclovir, Famciclovir | Herpes viruses (HSV, VZV, CMV) | Antiviral agents used for treating herpes family-related retinal vasculitis. | Approved |
| Ganciclovir | Cytomegalovirus (CMV) | Intravitreal injections are used as adjunctive therapy for CMV retinitis. | Approved |
| Infliximab, Adalimumab | TNF-alpha | Monoclonal antibodies targeting TNF-alpha, are effective in managing Behçet's disease-related retinal vasculitis. | Approved |
| Rituximab | B-cells | Monoclonal antibody targeting B-cells, used in refractory cases of retinal vasculitis. | Approved |
| Bevacizumab, Ranibizumab | VEGF | Anti-VEGF agents are used to treat neovascularization and macular edema complications. | Approved |
| Methotrexate, Azathioprine, Mycophenolate Mofetil | Immune system | Immunosuppressive agents are used to modulate the immune response in severe or refractory cases. | Approved |
| Corticosteroids | Immune system | Systemic or local corticosteroids are used to suppress inflammation in non-infectious retinal vasculitis. | Approved |
| Interferon-alpha | Immune system | Used as an alternative therapy for Behçet's disease-related retinal vasculitis. | Approved |
| Probenecid | Supportive | Used in combination with penicillin G for enhanced efficacy in treating syphilis-related retinal vasculitis. | Approved |
| Levofloxacin, Streptomycin, Kanamycin | Mycobacterium tuberculosis | Second-line agents are used in combination with first-line anti-TB agents for severe cases. | Approved |
| Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole | Toxoplasma gondii | Alternative therapy for ocular toxoplasmosis, especially in cases of pyrimethamine intolerance. | Approved |
| Clindamycin | Toxoplasma gondii | Used in combination with corticosteroids for treating ocular toxoplasmosis. | Approved |
| Pyrimethamine, Sulfadiazine | Toxoplasma gondii | Classic therapy for ocular toxoplasmosis, often combined with corticosteroids. | Approved |
| Folinic Acid | Supportive | Added to pyrimethamine therapy to reduce side effects. | Approved |
Disclaimer: Protheragen focuses on providing preclinical research service. This table is for information exchange purposes only. This table is not a treatment plan recommendation. For guidance on treatment options, please visit a regular hospital.
Protheragen prides itself on offering customized services tailored to the specific needs of our clients. We understand that each case of retinal vasculitis is unique, and our services are designed to address the diverse challenges posed by this condition. From the development of bespoke diagnostic assays to the optimization of therapeutic regimens, our customized services ensure that our clients receive the most effective solutions for retinal vasculitis.
Protheragen specializes in preclinical research services for retinal vasculitis, offering a robust platform for the development of novel diagnostics and therapeutics. If you are interested in our services, please feel free to contact us.
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